On social media, content material creators and web sleuths have tried to piece collectively a story of violence and exploitation that usually values rumour and conspiracy over reported info, all whereas framing themselves because the keepers of a fact that conventional media refuses to report on.
Jackie Lay/NPR
disguise caption
toggle caption
Jackie Lay/NPR
The circumstances in opposition to Diddy aren’t going away. Neither are the conspiracy theories.
Since Sean “Diddy” Combs’ indictment and arrest in September, greater than two dozen civil lawsuits have been filed in opposition to the media mogul for sexual assault, rape, intercourse trafficking and extra. Lots of the complaints, in addition to the federal fees, depict a sample during which Combs allegedly exploited his stature throughout music, vogue and leisure to victimize those that appeared as much as him — together with minors. The federal fees in opposition to the mogul not solely accuse him of misconduct, but additionally of utilizing his staff, document label and plenty of enterprise outfits to arrange and facilitate his crimes for years.
As these allegations have performed out in courtroom proceedings and authorized paperwork, an internet of rumors and hypothesis has additionally developed on-line. It has been bolstered by social media platforms and algorithms, and at occasions threatens to shroud the info of the civil and prison circumstances in opposition to Combs.
Combs has repeatedly denied, through his attorneys, that he has ever trafficked, drugged or sexually assaulted anybody. However the deluge of accusations in opposition to him, a surveillance video that reveals him kicking his ex-girlfriend, the singer Cassie Ventura, in a Los Angeles lodge and new claims of Combs’ aggressive habits prior to now have led many to marvel how such abuses of energy went unchecked for thus lengthy — and who else is perhaps complicit in cultivating a tradition of silence across the alleged crimes.
On social media, content material creators and web sleuths have tried to piece collectively a story of violence and exploitation that usually values rumour and conspiracy over reported info, all whereas framing themselves because the keepers of a fact that conventional media refuses to report on.
“It is one thing that is large, sophisticated, darkish, scary, and subsequently arduous for folks to wrap their heads round,” says Jack Brewster, enterprise editor on the misinformation monitoring web site NewsGuard. “And so after they do, they fill the dots with conspiracy theories.”
Makes an attempt to hyperlink different high-profile celebrities to the allegations in opposition to Combs are among the many theories which have gained essentially the most consideration. One week after Combs was arrested in September, a memoir purportedly written by the late Kim Porter, a former companion of Combs, shot straight to the highest of the Amazon bestsellers record — till her kids with Combs issued a press release denouncing its legitimacy. In October, singer-songwriter Jaguar Wright appeared on Piers Morgan’s Uncensored and made quite a lot of inflammatory claims about Jay-Z and Beyoncé’s ties to Combs. The Carters’ attorneys acquired concerned, main Morgan to concern a public apology and edit the allegations in opposition to Bey and Jay out of the unique interview.
On December 8, a lawsuit accusing Combs and an unnamed male celeb of raping a 13-year-old woman in 2000 was amended and refiled to call Shawn Carter, the rapper and mogul Jay-Z, because the second assailant. The lawsuit additionally states that an unnamed feminine celeb watched the rape. Carter has denied the allegations, however hypothesis is already working rampant. Some are pointing to Beyoncé because the unnamed feminine celeb and others are discovering the Carters complicit in Combs’ alleged crimes. On social media, a video first posted in March by YouTube psychic Sloan Bella has resurfaced and garnered tons of of 1000’s of views; within the video, Bella claims that the Carters are “high-level authorities experiments” whose downfall she predicted. Different recirculated movies from Bella’s account present comparable claims about Combs — some on-line at the moment are presenting these clips as proof for extra theories about Combs and the Carters.
These are just some examples of how misinformation (false info unfold no matter intent), disinformation (intentionally deceptive or manipulated info) and conspiracy theories (which could be a mixture of the 2) about Combs have gained vital traction in current months.
In October, artist supervisor Courtney Burgess was subpoenaed to seem in entrance of the grand jury within the Southern District of New York. The identical day he appeared in courtroom, Burgess gave interviews to TMZ and Information Nation detailing his testimony; Burgess claimed he’s in possession of 11 flash drives containing video Combs and different celebrities partaking in “freak offs” (coerced sexual performances) and Porter’s “actual memoir.” The next week, Combs’ authorized staff, headed up by Marc Angifilio, requested a gag order that might prohibit victims and their attorneys from talking publicly concerning the case. (This request was later denied.)
YouTube
“It has been become clickbait of what claims get folks’s consideration,” says Sowmya Krishnamurthy, hip-hop journalist and writer of Trend Killa: How Hip-Hop Revolutionized Excessive Trend. “The rising theories are a witch hunt for different celebrities concerned.”
Prior to now, factual allegations and conspiratorial rumors have been conflated to create comparable narratives about influential males who’ve been convicted of sexual misconduct, like Hollywood producer Harvey Weinstein and financier Jeffrey Epstein — however what’s it about Combs that fuels the misinformation machine? Within the present media ecosystem, what makes these tales distinct and harmful?
Diddy’s pervasive cultural energy
An enormous a part of it’s Combs’ affect and longevity throughout quite a lot of industries. “There was a time when he was the largest celeb on this planet,” Krishnamurthy explains. “And that is additionally one thing we’ve not actually skilled … Exterior of Hollywood, lots of people did not even know who [Harvey] Weinstein was.”
Combs did greater than merely stand up as a profitable document govt, founding his label Dangerous Boy in 1992 and shepherding the careers of artists like Infamous B.I.G. He created his personal persona as a rapper and producer, changing into a platinum-selling, Grammy-winning artist in his personal proper; he branched into vogue with Sean John Clothes; he angled his eye for expertise into media properties like MTV’s Making the Band and, finally, the creation of Revolt TV, and he led highly-lucrative partnerships with manufacturers like Cîroc Vodka and DeLeón Tequila. In different phrases, within the ’90s and ’00s, it appeared like all the things Combs touched turned to gold — and that earned him not simply cultural clout, however a big air of admiration, notably within the Black group.
“In a variety of methods, Diddy and folk like him are like the conclusion of the American dream,” says A.D. Carson, a professor of hip-hop on the College of Virginia. “They’re avatars of what of us perceive to be Again excellence or Black achievement.” So there are issues that come up, Professor Carson says, when that legacy is thrown into query — however it might come at the price of the alleged victims.
Combs’ notorious White Events within the Hamptons and Miami, now a web site of the alleged abuse and trafficking, had been as soon as a standing image for these within the higher echelons of celeb. It was at these invite-only events the place politicians would toast with the homeowners of sports activities groups, actual property moguls with reverends, large display stars with video vixens, theater impresarios and up-and-coming rappers. The White Events had been identified to be debaucherous but innocuous — that was the attraction. In that vein, Krishnamurthy says, Combs’ public picture has all the time been fodder for tabloid gossip and the conspiracies which might be born from that. “With Puff, he is all the time been mired in several types of controversy,” she says. “I feel now due to the web, and social media particularly, you are seeing a variety of Gen Z and youthful millennials studying about a few of these issues for the primary time.”
One such idea that has unfold like wildfire on social media in gentle of the lawsuits is that Combs is homosexual. Krishnamurthy says this idea stems from homophobia in hip-hop and the decades-old rumor about “the homosexual rapper,” a story former HOT 97 host Wendy Williams helped popularize within the ’90s a few well-known man in hip-hop who she claimed was closeted. Earlier this 12 months, Charlemagne tha God alleged that Williams believed Combs was homosexual, and consequently, Combs acquired her fired from her job at HOT 97. As extra males come ahead with allegations in opposition to Combs, Krishnamurthy has seen hypothesis concerning the mogul’s sexuality has been made right into a working joke on-line. Many web theorists deliver Combs’s sexual identification into query as a jeer in the direction of him and different male celebrities and say “No Diddy” (in lieu of “no homo”) to distance themselves from the subject of queerness they’re dissecting.
“That is turn out to be the headline. I’ve not heard anybody speaking about victims. I’ve not heard about making the business safer for ladies or for younger folks,” says Krishnamurthy.
The web and social media suggestions loop
Krishnamurthy, Brewster and Carson all agree that a part of the issue is that many individuals in the present day depend on social media to get their information; and clicks, views and virality are handled interchangeably with vetted and verified info. Earlier this 12 months, a tune purportedly by Justin Bieber the place he sings “I misplaced myself at a Diddy get together” garnered tens of millions of views throughout TikTok, X and YouTube — a number of information retailers later reported the tune was most probably generated by AI. Nonetheless, the tune sparked a wave of resurfaced clips of Combs and Bieber’s interactions over time on social media, main customers to scrutinize and speculate concerning the relationship between the 2 artists and undertaking a story of victimhood upon Bieber, who was at one level seen as Combs’ mentee and has not publicly addressed the allegations or conspiracies.
Brewster says that if folks search “Diddy” on TikTok, there is a excessive probability they’re going to see a video that feeds into these theories. In 2022, NewsGuard printed a report that discovered nearly 20% of all search engine outcomes on TikTok contained some type of misinformation, which posed hurt notably to younger customers who usually tend to depend on the platform’s search perform to study present occasions. In a press release to NPR, a TikTok spokesperson mentioned that, per its group tips, that are enforced by means of a mixture of know-how and human moderation, the platform is dedicated to eradicating “misinformation that causes vital hurt to people, our group, or the bigger public no matter intent” and that between April and June of 2024, the platform eliminated 97% of movies “that had been categorized as ‘misinformation’ proactively,” 77% of the time earlier than anybody noticed the fabric.
However Brewster, who led the TikTok report at NewsGuard, says most of the similar issues nonetheless persist, and different platforms face comparable points. “With YouTube particularly, the way in which the algorithm relies upon your thumbnail, your title, the extent of how sticky the search engine optimization is — that is going to just remember to get pushed up within the algorithm,” says Krishnamurthy, who has her personal YouTube channel. “So you need to marvel, for a content material creator, are you being incentivized to maybe be extra dramatic or extra salacious than is important?”
On YouTube, identified provocateurs like Perez Hilton rack up tens of 1000’s of views by utilizing titles like “Essentially the most horrifying Diddy lawsuit thus far!” for movies discussing the case. In the meantime, a 15-year-old video posted on Justin Bieber’s official YouTube channel that chronicles 48 hours spent alongside Combs has resurfaced to the highest outcomes for the search “Diddy” on YouTube, with dozens of feedback questioning why the video is being advisable in customers’ algorithms and homepages a long time after its launch.
YouTube’s group tips state that “sure forms of deceptive or misleading content material with critical danger of egregious hurt” usually are not allowed on the platform, and movies containing such content material could also be eradicated; after a number of infractions inside 90 days, a channel could also be terminated. However in 2022, greater than 80 fact-checkers from around the globe printed an open letter to YouTube’s former CEO, Susan Wojcicki, expressing concern that the platform was one of many world’s main conduits of mis- and disinformation and that not sufficient measures had been being taken to curb the unfold.
In a press release to NPR, a YouTube spokesperson mentioned that “YouTube’s Neighborhood Tips apply to everybody and all types of content material. As we do for a lot of main information tales, our programs are working to attach viewers to content material associated to the allegations from authoritative information retailers in search outcomes and proposals.”
However Krishnamurthy and Brewster each elevate considerations about what penalties, if any, come up from implicitly or explicitly pushing false narratives on-line — particularly as soon as the claims have already been seen and shared extensively.
Media Literacy
With the knowledge pipeline extra congested than ever, reporters, analysts and content material creators (who typically could contemplate themselves all three) are all competing for a similar consideration in the identical areas on-line. Some say the dissolving delineations in media make it tougher for the buyer to decipher truth from fiction.
Brewster does not consider media literacy is on the decline — “folks have gotten extra skeptical,” he says. As an alternative, he locations the onus on the networks that maintain, harvest and promote the knowledge, particularly TikTok, that pushes misinformation to the highest.
“If 20 years in the past, somebody instructed you that each single newsstand was going to have nameless newspapers and magazines and also you would not know something about them whenever you had been going to purchase them, you’ll say, ‘What the hell are you speaking about?’ However that is the world that we occupy now on X, on TikTok, on Instagram,” he says. “We do not know actually any details about the sources the place we’re getting our information, as a result of all we now have is what folks supply.”
Krishnamurthy weathered the evolution of print media into digital areas and not too long ago began migrating her personal cultural criticism to YouTube six months in the past. She agrees that the platforms are the supply of confusion, however attracts a extra bleak conclusion from her expertise of importing every day: “I feel, sadly, the general public’s degree of media literacy is just about zero,” she concedes. What’s much more ironic is that within the flood of this low literacy suggestions loop, the nicely for essentially the most credentialed voices within the area have run dry.
Hemorrhaging of Hip-Hop Media
Getty Photographs of Combs’ White Events are pieced collectively by seemingly “verified” accounts to implicate any celeb in his early 2000’s orbit as collaborating within the “freak offs” that at the moment are underneath federal investigation. However with hip-hop media changing into a shell of what it as soon as was, there are fewer cultural checks and balances in opposition to these allegations making their manner into the broader dialog about hip-hop business energy dynamics.
Within the final 20 years of Combs’ cultural ascent — conquering vogue, movie, wine & spirits, even Broadway — there’s been a parallel divestment from devoted hip-hop media. Magazines particularly on the hip-hop beat — like The Supply, XXL, Rap Pages and VIBE — both shuttered or misplaced their dominance and bandwidth for enterprise reporting. Exhibits like Rap Metropolis, 106 & Park have sundown, blogs like 2DopeBoyz or NahRight folded into broader music retailers underneath the overall umbrella of “popular culture” and broadcast radio reveals have broadened their style scope. Because the music and tradition of hip-hop have grown in reputation, publications that have not traditionally coated it have began to note and money in. (You would even argue the rise of Combs’ celeb in industries exterior of hip-hop contributed to this shift.) Krishnamurthy factors out that there are fewer journalists masking these circumstances who possess each the reporting chops and the cultural experience. This contributes to the misinformation and disinformation going unchecked earlier than changing into viral, with just about no penalties.
“It actually is an ideal storm between the rise of conspiracy theories and the downfall of an establishment,” she says. “What ended up occurring in hip-hop media was similar to something that got here underneath print media or conventional media, that previously a number of years has eroded with the rise of know-how, social media, the influencer very a lot changing into an exalted voice as somebody who was an authority. However what we find yourself having now’s, I might argue, one of many largest tales in hip-hop of all time is being reported by folks exterior of hip-hop. And so they do not have the again story. They do not have the nuance.”
Because of this, commentators missing the nuance and obligatory context bounce to essentially the most salacious, and typically harmful, conclusions. “Each celeb, anybody who was somebody, has an image with Diddy sooner or later,” Krishnamurthy says. “I feel as a result of so many new followers and younger followers are simply studying about Diddy and who he’s and his profession, they’re Googling him and seeing all these celebrities and pictures they usually’re instantly drawing a line between, ‘Okay, this individual is in a photograph with him, so they have to even be a co-conspirator.’ Possibly they seem to be a sufferer! … It is so irresponsible to kind of pull different folks into it. They’ve not been named. They’ve not been formally charged. And we do not know what that story is.”
Click on-baity bot accounts are simply the beginning: The peddling of the disavowed Kim Porter memoir and Jaguar Wright’s private claims on Piers Morgan’s Uncensored are two examples of mis- and disinformation being promoted in areas that attain loads farther than area of interest, conspiracy idea corners of the web. Professor Carson factors out that the motives of those that make such claims and ingratiate themselves with this ongoing story with out take care of the cultural implications, have to be interrogated, too.
Some conspiracy theories, Carson says, are extra extensively accepted within the Black group as a result of “the histories that Black folks have endured on this nation makes outright dismissal of conspiracy appear to be an extremely impractical factor to do.” And since this skepticism of programs of energy is inherited, Carson does not lay sole accountability on these creating the theories. “I do not know if the smoke that I’ve could be as a lot for Jaguar Wright than it will be for the individuals who do not know vet the knowledge or do not know contextualize what she has to supply to that dialog.”
The extra folks with out the right cultural credentials who, even unknowingly, bounce on the sensational Combs-conspiracy bandwagon, the extra vivid racial undertones of a few of the theories turn out to be.
Scapegoating of hip-hop as a complete
Past this basic lack of discernment and the attrition of correct cultural reporters, there is a extra hid purpose why the theories round these circumstances are outsized in comparison with different highly effective males: the perceived criminality of a self-made, Black, hip-hop mogul.
As a multi-hyphenate mogul, Combs was in a position to garner affect in each business he entered time beyond regulation. Within the wake of the murders of the Infamous B.I.G. and 2Pac, throughout one among hip-hop’s darkest valleys, Combs was in a position to usher a brand new period of opulence, status and partying into the tradition, parlaying that enjoyable into monetary and political energy. Within the spirit of a basic Biggie bar from “Juicy,” Combs was in a position to take hip-hop farther than many ever imagined, lifting up a Black artform to a brand new pinnacle. Those that’ve been watching how the conspiracy theories transfer say sure narratives are doused with racist rationale that ignites damaging stereotypes about hip-hop in full.
“There’s this age outdated engagement with scapegoating hip-hop. That’s the projection of pathology on hip-hop tradition,” Professor Carson says, citing a long time of damaging illustration and worry mongering carried out by mass media.
For Krishnamurthy, the obvious bias comes by means of when analysts who lack cultural consciousness communicate on these circumstances, even peddling misinformation from media archives which have traditionally vilified the music: “For those who take heed to, for example, an outsider or somebody with a really cursory information, it is very straightforward to kind of paint hip-hop with a really damaging brush as a result of all they know is what they heard or what they learn on-line.”
The best way Professor Arionne Nettles, who teaches digital journalism at Florida A&M College, sees it, this pathology goes even deeper than hip-hop and will be twofold in its deployment: “First, there may be the true undeniable fact that traditionally, we do know that there have been occasions the place Black males had been unfairly accused of issues and that the stereotype of the Black man, particularly, from slavery and after, has been type of an oversexualized brute.” Nettles says she’s additionally seen this stereotype wielded by some theorists in protection of Combs, used to forestall accountability on behalf of actual hurt or violence that has occurred to victims by the hands of a robust Black man.
Up to now, there are greater than 20 civil case filings in opposition to Combs alleging sexual assault, rape and coercion. That is along with the federal fees. Heading into jury choice for Combs’ Could 2025 trial, Professor Nettles thinks it will be arduous to search out neutral New Yorkers who have not seen or heard any piece of misinformation surrounding the circumstances. “Juries are made of individuals and persons are going to have opinions and it could actually cloud what folks see because the info and what they could have are available baking,” Nettles explains. “And it is actually nearly inconceivable at this level to keep away from it.”
Because the 2025 trial approaches, these theories, and the corresponding social media techniques, have already made it into official courtroom proceedings. Throughout courtroom hearings in November, to find out whether or not he could be granted pretrial bail, the prosecution accused Combs of “relentlessly” making an attempt to contact victims of their case by utilizing different inmates’ telephone privileges to make calls to people who find themselves not on his authorised contact record. Prosecutors additionally accused the 55-year-old of constructing plans, through this unauthorized communication, to launch an orchestrated social media marketing campaign to sway public opinion in his favor, a plan that might have painted him as a household man and included his sons sharing a birthday message on social media.
Combs’ main protection legal professional, Marc Agnifilo, rebuked the claims that his consumer is plotting any marketing campaign. And as for the mounting civil circumstances being filed in opposition to the mogul as he awaits trial? In a press release to NPR, Combs’ authorized staff referred to as the credibility of Tony Buzbee, the legal professional for most of the 2024 civil fits filed after Combs’ prison arrest, into query. “The lawyer behind this lawsuit is eager about media consideration fairly than the reality, as is apparent from his fixed press appearances and 1-800 quantity,” Combs’ attorneys declared. “As we have mentioned earlier than, Mr. Combs can not reply to each new publicity stunt, even in response to claims which might be facially ridiculous or demonstrably false.”
In fast response to being named a co-defendant in a 2000 rape allegation, Jay-Z accused Buzbee of being an “ambulance chaser in an inexpensive go well with” whose solely motivation in representing these civil fits is to take advantage of Black celebrities in a second that criminalizes the whole tradition. “This lawyer, who I’ve carried out a little bit of analysis on, appears to have a sample of all these theatrics,” Carter’s public assertion learn, concluding, “Solely your community of conspiracy theorists, faux psychics will consider the idiotic claims you will have levied in opposition to me that, if not for the seriousness surrounding hurt to children, could be laughable.”
In a press release emailed to NPR, Carter denied the allegations made in opposition to him within the December submitting and said that he was the goal of a blackmail try designed to extort settlement cash. Although the rapper and Roc Nation exec will not be named in a November submitting in opposition to Buzbee, there’s a John Doe celeb within the strategy of suing The Buzbee Legislation Agency for extortion. “Defendants have threatened to unleash totally fabricated and malicious allegations of sexual assault—together with a number of cases of rape of a minor, each female and male—in opposition to plaintiff if he refuses to adjust to their calls for,” the criticism reads. NPR reached out to The Buzbee Agency for remark and is awaiting to listen to again.
Finally, the whirlwind of mis- and disinformation has distracted from the very actual allegations at hand, entered as truth within the courts by actual people who find themselves claiming actual, long run hurt. Inside the lawsuits filed in opposition to Combs by alleged victims, emotions of disgrace and deep-seated trauma that resulted from the assaults and the worry related to ever coming ahead are a typical thread. There is a sample among the many conspiracy theories which might be circulating most quickly on-line, too: They obfuscate and dehumanize the plaintiffs utterly.
“That is nonetheless an business the place folks do not speak. And if you wish to work on this business, if you wish to achieve success, there are particular simply kinds of issues that folks settle for,” Krishnamurthy says. “And if we would like that to alter, we now have to create a secure area for folks to return ahead, for folks to share their story … If the Sean ‘Diddy’ Combs case actually is meant to be a watershed second for hip-hop’s, for example, #MeToo reckoning, we’re not going to get to that place if the extent of dialogue stays inside this kind of finger-pointing and making an attempt to out folks.”
